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Computer science formulas and calculators for algorithms, data structures, and networking essential to software and systems design. Includes time complexity, hashing, graph theory, and data transmission equations.

62Formulas
4Subcategories
Updated Jul 2026
All (62) Algorithms (7) Data Encoding & Conversion (28) Data Structures (7) Networking (9)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Character Encoding Converter

Convert between encodings (e.g., UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Emoji to Unicode Converter

Unicode = EncodeEmoji(Emoji)

Data Encoding & Conversion

UTF-32 Converter

UTF-32 = EncodeUTF32(Text), Text = DecodeUTF32(UTF-32)

Data Encoding & Conversion

UTF-16 Converter

UTF-16 = EncodeUTF16(Text), Text = DecodeUTF16(UTF-16)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Text to Unicode Converter

Unicode = EncodeText(Text)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Unicode to Text Converter

Text = DecodeUnicode(Unicode)

Data Encoding & Conversion

ASCII to Text Converter

Text = DecodeASCII(ASCII)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Text to ASCII Converter

ASCII = EncodeASCII(Text)

Data Encoding & Conversion

HTML Entity Encoder & Decoder

Entity = EncodeHTML(Text), Text = DecodeHTML(Entity)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Base58 Encoder & Decoder

Base58 = Encode(Text), Text = Decode(Base58)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Base32 Encoder & Decoder

Base32 = Encode(Text), Text = Decode(Base32)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Hex to Binary Converter

Binary = Hex2Bin(Hex)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Binary to Hex Converter

Hex = Bin2Hex(Binary)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Hex to Decimal Converter

Decimal = Hex2Dec(Hex)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Decimal to Hex Converter

Hex = Dec2Hex(Decimal)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Binary to Decimal Converter

decimal = binary_to_decimal(binary)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Decimal to Binary Converter

binary = decimal_to_binary(decimal)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Morse Code Converter

morse = text_to_morse(text) ; text = morse_to_text(morse)

Data Encoding & Conversion

URL Encoder & Decoder

encode(text) -> URL_encoded; decode(URL_encoded) -> text

Data Encoding & Conversion

UTF-8 Converter

utf8 = encode(text) ; text = decode(utf8)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Unicode Converter

unicode = convert(text, encoding)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Base64 Encoder & Decoder

encode(text) -> base64; decode(base64) -> text

Data Encoding & Conversion

Text to Hex Converter

hex = text_to_hex(text)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Hex to Text Converter

text = hex_to_text(hex)

Data Encoding & Conversion

ASCII to Binary Converter

binary = ascii_to_binary(ASCII)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Binary to ASCII Converter

ASCII = binary_to_ascii(binary)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Text to Binary Converter

binary = encode(text)

Data Encoding & Conversion

Binary to Text Converter

text = decode(binary)

General

RAID Storage Usable Capacity

RAID 0: N*S | RAID 1: S | RAID 5: (N-1)*S

General

Data Transfer Rate with Protocol Overhead

Effective Rate = Raw Rate * (Payload Size / Total Frame Size)

General

Aspect Ratio Simplification

Ratio = Width/GCD(W,H) : Height/GCD(W,H)

General

Image Resolution Total Pixel Count

Total Pixels = Width * Height

General

Frame Time from Frame Rate (FPS)

Frame Time (ms) = 1000 / FPS

General

Cache Hit Ratio

Hit Ratio = Cache Hits / Total Requests

General

Compression Ratio

Ratio = Original Size / Compressed Size

General

Brute-Force Key Space Cracking Time Estimate

Time = 2^(bits-1) / Guesses per Second

General

Password Entropy (Bits of Security)

Entropy = L * log2(N)

General

Storage Unit Conversion (Bytes to Larger Units)

Value (unit) = Bytes / 1024^n

General

File Download/Upload Time Estimate

Time = File Size (bits) / Connection Speed (bits/s)

Networking

TCP Throughput Estimate (Mathis Formula)

Throughput ≈ (MSS * C) / (RTT * sqrt(p))

Networking

Nyquist Bit Rate (Noiseless Channel)

C = 2*B*log2(L)

Networking

Round Trip Time (Transmission + Propagation)

RTT = 2*(T_trans + T_prop)

Networking

Packet Transmission Time

T_trans = Packet Size / Link Bandwidth

Networking

Number of Subnets from CIDR Prefix

Subnets = 2^(new_prefix - original_prefix)

Networking

Bandwidth-Delay Product

BDP = Bandwidth * RTT

Data Structures

Hash Collision Probability (Birthday Paradox Approximation)

P ≈ 1 - e^(-n²/(2*m))

Data Structures

Circular Buffer Index Calculation

next_index = (current_index + 1) % buffer_size

Networking

Subnet Hosts from CIDR Prefix

Usable Hosts = 2^(32-prefix) - 2

Data Structures

2D Array Index (Row-Major Order)

index = row * num_columns + column

Data Structures

Minimum Height of a Balanced Binary Tree

h_min = ceil(log2(n+1)) - 1

Data Structures

Complete Binary Tree Total Nodes

N = 2^(h+1) - 1

Data Structures

Binary Tree Maximum Nodes at a Level

N = 2^L

Algorithms

Amortized Time Complexity (Dynamic Array Doubling)

Amortized Cost per Insert = O(1), Total Cost = O(n)

Algorithms

Linear Search Average Comparisons

Avg Comparisons = (n+1) / 2

Algorithms

Quick Sort Average-Case Time Complexity

T(n) = n*log2(n)

Algorithms

Bubble Sort Worst-Case Time Complexity

T(n) = n*(n-1)/2 comparisons

Networking

Little's Law (Queuing)

L = λW

Networking

Shannon-Hartley Channel Capacity

C = B·log₂(1+S/N)

Data Structures

Hash Table Load Factor

α = n / k

Algorithms

Recurrence Relation (Master Theorem)

T(n) = aT(n/b) + f(n)

Algorithms

Merge Sort Time Complexity

O(n log n)

Algorithms

Binary Search Time Complexity

O(log n)