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Physics formulas and calculators for kinematics, energy, and waves describing how objects move and interact in the physical world. Includes motion, force, momentum, and oscillatory system equations.

39Formulas
3Subcategories
Updated Jul 2026

General

Volumetric Thermal Expansion

delta_V = beta * V0 * delta_T

General

Root-Mean-Square Speed of Gas Molecules

v_rms = sqrt(3 * R * T / M)

General

Boltzmann Entropy Formula

S = k * ln(W)

General

Change in Entropy (Reversible Process)

delta_S = Q / T

General

Schwarzschild Radius

r_s = 2 * G * M / c^2

General

Relativistic Momentum

p = (m * v) / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)

General

Length Contraction (Special Relativity)

L' = L * sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)

General

Time Dilation (Special Relativity)

t' = t / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)

General

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

delta_x * delta_p >= h_bar / 2

General

Planck's Energy-Frequency Relation

E = h * f

General

de Broglie Wavelength

lambda = h / p

General

Photoelectric Effect Equation

KE_max = h*f - phi

General

Malus's Law (Polarization)

I = I0 * cos(theta)^2

General

Single-Slit Diffraction Minima

a * sin(theta) = m * lambda

General

Critical Angle (Total Internal Reflection)

theta_c = arcsin(n2 / n1)

General

Index of Refraction

n = c / v

General

Wave Intensity

I = P / A

General

Doppler Effect (Sound, Moving Source)

f_observed = f_source * (v_sound / (v_sound - v_source))

General

Beat Frequency

f_beat = |f1 - f2|

General

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

F = q * v * B * sin(theta)

General

Self-Inductance EMF

EMF = -L * (delta_I / delta_t)

General

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

EMF = -N * (delta_Phi / delta_t)

General

Magnetic Flux

Phi = B * A * cos(theta)

General

Electric Field Between Parallel Plates

E = V / d

General

Electric Field of a Point Charge

E = k * q / r^2

General

Ohm's Law

V = I * R

General

Work Done by a Force

W = F * d * cos(theta)

General

Time of Flight (Projectile Motion)

t = 2 * v * sin(theta) / g

General

Projectile Maximum Height

H = v^2 * sin(theta)^2 / (2*g)

General

Projectile Range

R = v^2 * sin(2*theta) / g

General

Period of a Simple Pendulum

T = 2 * pi * sqrt(L / g)

General

Rotational Kinetic Energy

KE_rot = 0.5 * I * omega^2

General

Moment of Inertia (Point Mass)

I = m * r^2

General

Conservation of Momentum (Elastic Collision, 1D)

m1*v1 + m2*v2 = m1*v1' + m2*v2'

General

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

J = F * t = delta_p

General

Linear Momentum

p = m * v

Waves

Wave Speed Equation

v = fλ

Kinematics

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

F = Gm₁m₂ / r²

Kinematics

Equations of Motion (Constant Acceleration)

v = u + at