Economics & Finance / Subcategory
Corporate Finance
Corporate finance calculators and formulas for time value of money and investment appraisal. Covers NPV, IRR, and payback period calculations for investment decisions.
51Formulas
All levels Difficulty
Updated Oct 2026
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Fundamental
Compound Interest Formula
A = P * (1 + r/n)^(n*t)
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Times Interest Earned (Interest Coverage) Ratio
TIE = EBIT / Interest Expense
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Cost of Equity (Gordon Growth / Dividend Discount Model)
Re = (D1 / P0) + g
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Annuity Due Future Value
FV (due) = PMT * (((1+r)^n - 1) / r) * (1+r)
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Working Capital
Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
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Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)
DSO = (Accounts Receivable / Total Credit Sales) * Number of Days
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Inventory Turnover Ratio
Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
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Operating Margin
Operating Margin (%) = (Operating Income / Revenue) * 100
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Gross Margin
Gross Margin (%) = ((Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue) * 100
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Earnings Per Share (EPS)
EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends) / Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
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Return on Assets (ROA)
ROA (%) = (Net Income / Total Assets) * 100
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Return on Equity (ROE)
ROE (%) = (Net Income / Shareholders' Equity) * 100
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Debt-to-Equity Ratio
D/E = Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity
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Quick Ratio (Acid-Test)
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
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Current Ratio
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
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Bond Yield to Maturity (Approximation)
YTM ≈ (Coupon + (Face Value - Price)/n) / ((Face Value + Price)/2)
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Bond Price (Present Value of Cash Flows)
Price = Σ(Coupon / (1+y)^t) + Face Value / (1+y)^n
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Discounted Payback Period
Discounted Payback = Time until cumulative discounted cash flows = Initial Investment
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Payback Period
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Annual Cash Flow
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Internal Rate of Return (IRR) — Two-Cash-Flow Approximation
IRR ≈ (FV/PV)^(1/n) - 1
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Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
WACC = (E/V)*Re + (D/V)*Rd*(1-Tax Rate)
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Amortization Remaining Loan Balance
B = P*(1+r)^p - PMT*(((1+r)^p - 1)/r)
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Present Value of an Annuity
PV = PMT * ((1 - (1+r)^-n) / r)
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Future Value of a Single Sum
FV = PV * (1+r)^n
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Emergency Fund Target
Emergency Fund Target = Monthly Essential Expenses * Number of Months (typically 3-6)
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Net Worth Calculation
Net Worth = Total Assets - Total Liabilities
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50/30/20 Budget Rule
Needs = 0.50 * Income, Wants = 0.30 * Income, Savings = 0.20 * Income
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Take-Home Pay (Simplified)
Take-Home Pay = Gross Pay - (Taxes + Deductions)
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Salary Raise Percentage
Raise (%) = ((New Salary - Old Salary) / Old Salary) * 100
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Tip Calculation
Tip = Bill Amount * Tip %
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Credit Card Minimum Payment Interest Cost
Monthly Interest = Balance * (APR / 12)
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Credit Utilization Ratio
Utilization (%) = (Total Credit Card Balances / Total Credit Limits) * 100
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Debt-to-Income (DTI) Ratio
DTI (%) = (Total Monthly Debt Payments / Gross Monthly Income) * 100
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Sales Tax Calculation
Total Price = Price * (1 + Tax Rate)
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Discount Price Calculation
Sale Price = Original Price * (1 - Discount %)
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Markup Percentage
Markup (%) = ((Selling Price - Cost) / Cost) * 100
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Profit Margin
Profit Margin (%) = (Net Profit / Revenue) * 100
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Retirement Withdrawal Rate (4% Rule)
Annual Withdrawal = Portfolio Value * 0.04
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Loan-to-Value (LTV) Ratio
LTV (%) = (Loan Amount / Appraised Property Value) * 100
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Dividend Yield
Dividend Yield (%) = (Annual Dividend per Share / Share Price) * 100
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Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
P/E = Market Price per Share / Earnings per Share
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Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
CAGR = (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/n) - 1
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Return on Investment (ROI)
ROI (%) = ((Gain - Cost) / Cost) * 100
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Break-Even Point (Units)
Break-even Units = Fixed Costs / (Price per Unit - Variable Cost per Unit)
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Effective Annual Rate (EAR)
EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1
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Rule of 72 (Doubling Time)
Years to Double ≈ 72 / Interest Rate (%)
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Present Value of a Single Sum
PV = FV / (1+r)^n
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Loan/Mortgage Monthly Payment
M = P * (r*(1+r)^n) / ((1+r)^n - 1)
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Simple Interest
I = P * r * t
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Net Present Value
NPV = Σ Cₜ/(1+r)ᵗ − C₀
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Compound Interest
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)