Instrumentation & Measurement

Instrumentation and measurement calculators and formulas for sensors, transducers, and measurement circuits. Covers strain gauge, thermocouple, and measurement uncertainty calculations.

12Formulas

All levels Difficulty

Updated Jul 2026

← All Electrical Engineering (151) Instrumentation & Measurement (12)

Fundamental

Voltmeter Loading Error

V_measured = V_true · (R_m/(R_m+R_s))

Fundamental

Full-Scale Accuracy

Accuracy = 1 − (|error| / FSD)

Fundamental

Percentage Measurement Error

%Error = |(measured − true)/true| × 100

Fundamental

Sensor Sensitivity

S = Δoutput / Δinput

Fundamental

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

CMRR = A_d / A_cm

Fundamental

Op-Amp Slew Rate

SR = ΔV_out / Δt

Fundamental

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Gain

V_out = (1 + R_f/R_in)·V_in

Fundamental

Inverting Op-Amp Gain

V_out = −(R_f/R_in)·V_in

Fundamental

Instrumentation Amplifier Gain

G = (1 + 2R₂/R_g)(R₄/R₃)

Fundamental

RTD Resistance-Temperature Relation

R_T = R₀(1 + αΔT)

Fundamental

Thermocouple Seebeck Voltage

V = S·ΔT

Fundamental

Strain Gauge Factor

GF = (ΔR/R) / ε